Class - IX
Economics
Indian Economic
Development
Infrastructure
Practice Set
Q.1. Explain the term infrastructure.
Answer. Infrastructure is a network of physical facilities and public services
and with this social infrastructure is equally important to support it. It is
an important base for economic development of the country. These services
include roads, railways, ports, airports, dams, power stations, oil and gas
pipelines, telecommunication facilities, the country’s educational system
including schools and colleges, health system including hospitals, sanitary
system including clean drinking water facilities and the monetary system
including banks, insurance and other financial institutions.
Q.2. Explain the two categories into which
infrastructure are divided. How are both interdependent?
Answer.
Infrastructure
can be divided into categories - economic and social. Infrastructure associated
with energy, transportation and communication are economic infrastructure
whereas those related to education, health and housing are social
infrastructure.
Economic infrastructure helps in
economic growth while social infrastructure enhances the quality of standard of
living and ultimately leads to the welfare of the economy as a whole. Both
infrastructures contributes to the prosperity of the economy. The economic
growth attained with the help of economic infrastructure is imperfect without
the human development which is attained by means of social infrastructure.
Thus, both infrastructure are interdependent.
Q.3. How do infrastructure facilities boost
production?
Answer.
The
efficient working of a modern industrial economy, agriculture, transportation
and communication and social sector depend upon infrastructure facilities. It
decreases the cost of production and increases the profit of producers which
boosts the production.
Q.4. Infrastructure contributes to the
economic development of a country. Do you agree? Explain.
Answer. Yes, infrastructure acts as a support
system for production activity in the economy which contributes to economic
development. Social and economic Infrastructure facilitates production. The
availability of quality infrastructure guarantees increase in production and
productivity. Infrastructure ensures easy movement of goods and raw materials
also reduces the wastages of resources and lead to efficient utilisation
of scarce resources through
human capital formation which increases the productivity. It provides an
environment conducive to investment. Infrastructure contributes to economic
development of a country both by increasing the productivity of the factors of
production and improving the quality of life of its people. It is helpful in
minimizing the morbidity of people.
5. What is the state of rural infrastructure in
India?
Answer. Rural Infrastructure of
India is quite inadequate. Despite so much technical progress in the world,
rural women are still using bio-fuels such as crop residues, dung and fuel wood
to meet their energy requirement. They walk long distances to fetch fuel, water
and other basic needs. According to Census 2001 data, only 56 percent of
household have electricity connection and 43 percent still use kerosene. About
90 per cent of the rural households use bio-fuels for cooking. Tap water
availability is limited to only 24 per cent rural households. About
76 per cent of the population drinks water from open sources such as wells,
tanks, ponds, lakes, rivers, canals, etc. Access to improved sanitation in
rural areas was only 20 per cent.
Q.6. What is the significance of energy? Differentiate
between commercial and non-commercial sources of energy.
Answer. Energy is the most important component
of the development process of a nation. It is needed for industries. Now it is
used on a large scale in agriculture and related areas like production and
transportation of fertilizers, pesticides and farm equipment. It is required in
houses for cooking, household lighting and heating.
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Commercial energy
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Non Commercial energy
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(i)
The sources of energy that are available to the users at some price are referred
to as commercial energy.
(ii)
This form of energy is used for commercial purposes.
(iii)
For example, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity.
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(i)
The sources of energy that are usually available freely to the users are
referred to as non-commercial energy.
(ii)
This form of energy is used for domestic consumption.
(iii)
For example, Firewood, agricultural waste, animal waste (cow dung)
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Q.7. What are the three basic sources of
generating power?
Answer. The three basic sources of generating
power are thermal, hydro-electric, and nuclear power.
Q.8. What do you mean by transmission and distribution
losses? How can they be reduced?
Answer. Transmission and distribution losses
refer to that losses which occur at the time of transmission between the
sources of supply and points of distribution. They can be reduced by
better management, using improved technology of transmission and
distribution and avoiding theft of power.
Q.9. Justify that energy crisis can be overcome with the use of
renewable sources of energy.
Answer. The consumption of non-renewable sources
of energy created threat for sustainable development of country and leads to
energy crisis. Most commercial source of energy that we are using today are
exhaustible also the rate of consumption of resources is faster than the
rate of their production so, the resources get exhausted quickly. But
on the other hand, renewable resources get renewed or replenished quickly.
These are unlimited and are not affected by human activities, such as solar and
wind energy. Hence, energy crises can be overcome by the increased use of
cost-effective technology of searching the renewable resources of energy.
Q.10. How has the
consumption pattern of energy changed over the years?
Answer. The pattern of energy consumption has
undergone considerable change overtime. The use of primary sources like coal,
petroleum and natural gas has undergone a significant change. The
non-commercial use of this energy has increased from 36% to 76% during 1953-54
to 2004-05. The percentage of direct final consumption of coal has drastically
reduced irrespective of the increase in the total consumption of coal. Its
consumption increased from 95 million tonnes in 1980-81 to 355 million tonnes
in 2008-09. Also, the consumption of oil, for which our country was
dependent upon Gulf countries, has increased. The consumption of electricity in
the agricultural sector has increased overtime, whereas, it remained the
highest in the industrial sector as compared to other sectors.
Q.9. What are the various non-commercial sources
of energy?
Answer. The various non-commercial sources of
energy are firewood, agricultural waste and dried dung.
Q.12. How are the rates of consumption of energy
and economic growth connected?
Answer. Electricity plays an important role in
the development of a country. Transportation, communication, Industrial
production which are essential for economic growth of a country require energy.
According to a study to achieve 8 percent of GDP growth rate the power supply
should go around 12 percent.
Q.13. What problems are being faced by the power sector in
India?
Answer. The problems being faced by the power
sector in India are:
→ The installed capacity of India to generate electricity is
not sufficient enough to meet an annual economic growth of 7%.
→ The State Electricity Boards (SEBs) that distribute
electricity suffered a great loss of more than Rs.500 billion due to
transmission and distribution of electricity.
→ The wrong pricing of electricity like supply of electricity
at subsidized rates to agricultural sector and theft of electricity has
exaggerated the problems of power sector.
→ The high power tariffs and prolonged power cuts is another
challenge in the power sector.
→ The thermal power station faces the scarcity of the raw
materials to generate electricity.
Q.14. Discuss the reforms which have been
initiated recently to meet the energy crisis in India.
Answer. The reforms which have been initiated
recently to meet the energy crisis in India are:
→ Privatization in Power Generation Sector: The
government earlier had the monopoly in the generation and distribution of
electricity. Now, private sector has been given the rights to generate
power.
→ Privatization in Power Transmission: The
Indian government has approved Tata Power and Powergrid Corporation of India
for constructing transmission networks in joint venture.
→ POWER for ALL by 2012: The Ministry of
Power has set up an objective of 'POWER for ALL by 2012' to achieve the target
of 1000 KwHr (Units) of per capita consumption of electricity in India. This
objective is aligned with the objective to achieve an economic growth of 8%
p.a. The main motive of this target is to improve the quality of power, improve
the commercial viability of power industries and to provide power to all.
→ Setting up Regulatory Mechanism: The Central
Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) along with State Electricity
Regulatory Commissions (SERC) has been established in 19 states under the
Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998. These commissions and authorities
regulate tariff, promote efficiency and competition.
→ Encouraging FDI: In order to achieve the
target of POWER for ALL by 2012, the Ministry of Power aimed at attracting US
$250 billion of Investment (FDI and Domestic Investment Combined) into the
power sector.
→ Accelerated
Power Development and Reform Programme (APDRP): APDRP has been
initiated in the year 2000-01 with the motive of improving financial viability,
reducing transmission and distribution losses and promoting transparency
through computerization.
→ Awareness:
The government is encouraging people to increase the use of renewable resources
and also creating awareness among the people to reduce the conventional
resources. During the Eight Five Year Plan, government has set up National
Energy Efficiency Programme (NEEP) that aimed at conservation of petroleum products.
→ Improving
Productivity: The Indian government has been emphasizing on the
measures to improve the productivity of the existing power generating
industries.
Q.15. What are the main characteristics of health
of the people of our country?
Answer. Health is not only absence of disease
but also the ability to realise one’s potential. It is a yardstick of one’s
well being. Health is the holistic process related to the overall growth and
development of the nation. The health status of a country can be assessed
through indicators such as infant mortality and maternal mortality rates, life
expectancy and nutrition levels, along with the incidence of communicable and
non-communicable diseases. Life expectancy at birth is only 67 years which is
low in comparison to global standards. Infant modality as well as child
mortality rates are still high in India though they have shown a declining
trend in the past Few years. Around 60% of births In India still take place
without the help of skilled attendants.
Q.16. What is a global burden of disease?
Answer. Global Burden of Disease (GBD) is an
indicator used by experts to know the number of people dying prematurely due to
a particular disease as well as the number of years spent by them in a state of
'disability' owing to the disease.
Q.17.
Discuss the main drawbacks of our health care system.
Answer.
The
main drawbacks of our health care system are:
→ Unequal
Distribution of Health Care Services: The health care services are
unequally distributed across rural and urban areas. Rural areas that supports
70 % of the population, has only 1/5th of the hospitals. Further, the
doctor-population ratio is as worse as 1:2,000. This implies that for every 2,000
people, there is only one doctor in India. Only half of the dispensaries are
set up in villages. Most of the health care facilities have been confined
mostly to the urban areas.
→ Communicable Diseases:
various communicable diseases like AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome),
HIV (Human Immune Deficiency Syndrome), and SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome)have made their way to India.. All these deadly diseases pose serious
threat to t human capital reserve, thereby, impeding economic growth.
→ Poor Management: The health
care centres lack trained and skilled personnel in the rural areas. Therefore,
rural people have to rush to the urban health care centres. This becomes worse
in the absence of proper roads and other cost-effective means of transportation.
→ Lack of Modern Techniques and
Facilities: The government health centres are usually devoid of the
basic facilities like blood testing, X-rays, etc. These centres lack modern
techniques and medical facilities like, CT-scan, sonography, etc. In order to
avail these services, people need to depend on the private hospitals that
charge exorbitant fees.
→ Privatization: The inability
of the government to provide sufficient health care centres and other medical
facilities paved the way for the private sector to step in. The private sector
is governed by price signals, thereby, catering to the need of the higher
income group, leaving the low income group and the poor at their own mercy.
This is due to the privatisation of the health care sector The private
hospitals are attracting more patients than the government hospitals as the
government hospitals are devoid of facilities.
Q.18. How has women's health become a matter of
great concern?
Answer. Women constitute about half the total
population in India. The deterioration in the child sex ratio in the country
from 927 in 2001 to 914, as revealed by the census of 2011, points to the
growing incidence of female foeticide in the country. Close to 3,00,000 girls
under the age of 15 are not only married but have already borne children at
least once. More than 50 per cent of married women between the age group of 15
and 49 have anemia and nutritional anemia caused by iron deficiency, which has
contributed to 19 per cent of maternal deaths. Abortions are also a major cause
of maternal morbidity and mortality in India. Therefore, women's health become
a matter of great concern.
Q.19. Describe the meaning of public health.
Discuss the major public health measures undertaken by the state in recent
years to control diseases.
Answer. The science and practice of
protecting and improving the health of a community, as by preventive medicine,
health education, control of communicable diseases, application of sanitary
measures and monitoring of environmental hazards is called public
health.
In the
recent years, India has embarked upon the development of vast infrastructure..
At the village level, a variety of hospitals were set up by the name of Primary
Health Centres (PHCs). The large number of hospitals is run by various
voluntary agencies and by the private sector. The hospitals are managed by
professionals and by Para Medical professionals trained in medical, pharmacy
and nursing colleges. There has been a significant expansion in the provision
of health services. The number of hospitals and dispensaries has increased from
9300 to 43300 and hospital beds from 1.2 to 7.2 million during 1951 to 2000.
Also, nursing personnel has increased from 0.18 to 8.7 lakh and allopathic
doctors from 0.62 to 5 lakhs during the same period. The provision of various
facilities has resulted in the eradication of small pox, polio, leprosy, and
other deadly diseases.
Q.20. Six systems of Indian medicine AYUSH: Ayurveda,
Yoga, Siddha, Naturopathy, Unani and Homeopathy.
21. How
can we increase the effectiveness of health care programmes?
Answer.
Health
is a vital public good and a basic human right. These facilities can be
provided to all if public health services are decentralised. It implies that
the power of providing these services should be delegated from the central to
the local authorities. The success of health care depends upon education,
spread of knowledge, awareness and efficient health infrastructure. It is
crucial to create awareness about health and hygiene among people.
The telecom and IT sectors can
further aggravate the effectiveness of health care programmes. Further,
providing quality medical facilities at nominal costs can promote its
worthiness and popularity. In order to enhance the effectiveness of health care
programmes, the main focus should be on increasing the number of hospitals,
modernisation of medical facilities, development of infrastructure, improving
the doctor-population ratio and increasing the number of medical colleges in
India. The availability and development of medical facilities in the rural
areas is still a far cry. Further, there must be some regulation to check the
exorbitant fees charged by the private medical centres to make health care
facilities accessible and affordable to all.
